It’s difficult to learn functional programming without hearing about continuations. Often they’re mentioned while talking about boosting the performance of pure functional code, sometimes there’s talk of control flow, and occasionally with ‘time-travel’ thrown in there to make it all seem more obscure. It’s all true, but let’s start from the beginning.

LINQ is a system that provides a flexible query interface for .NET languages. It allows a user to write queries over arbitrary data using an in-built SQL-like syntax. This syntactic sugar is mapped to method calls at compile time, so any data structure that implements the correct methods can be used with LINQ.

With so many programming languages and frameworks at our disposal, it is too easy to believe that knowledge of many tools is the defining characteristic of a good programmer. However, many experienced programmers will assert that it isn’t the languages you know, but your ability to solve problems that defines you as a programmer.

Monad transformers combine the functionality of two monads into one. They are often used as a way to “flatten” nested monads, but are also used to enable interactions between monads that, when used seperately, would be incredibly difficult to implement.